Nicola Pisano

Nicola Pisano, Italian sculptor and architect (approximately 1210-1220 to 1278-1287), was a key innovator in European Gothic sculpture. His naturalistic and realistic approach transformed Italian sculpture of the 13th century, parallel to the impact of Giotto in painting. Although nicknamed "Pisano," it is presumed that he was not originally from Pisa. Documents mention "from Apulia," suggesting his origin in Apulia, which was broader than today's Puglia. Probably, his connections with Frederick II led him to Pisa. Nicola continued the construction of the Pisa Baptistery and San Giovanni, initiated by Diotisalvi, adding a series of arches and designing the exterior profile of the dome. He also directed the construction of the Siena Cathedral (1247-1269), incorporating Gothic innovations. As a sculptor, his work includes decorative heads in the Siena Duomo. His scrolls in the Pisa Baptistery and the Siena Cathedral harmoniously combine architecture with sculpture, highlighting his classical approach influenced by the Frederickian school. The "Head of Jupiter" reflects outstanding naturalism and powerful expression, indicating the shift from southern influences to a greater classicism influenced by the Roman sarcophagi of Pisa.